ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the levels of heavy metals in the soil and castor bean plant after fertilization with sewage sludge (SS) subjected to different stabilization processes. The study was conducted in a Haplic Cambisol with the following treatments: control (CO), fertilization with solarized sewage sludge (SSS), composted sewage sludge (CSS), vermi composted sewage sludge (VSS), limed sewage sludge (LSS), and mineral fertilizer (MF). The experimental design included a subdivided plot scheme with fertilization being the primary factor and soil layers or leaf parts being the secondary factor. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Scott-Knott test with 5% significance. Fertilization with SSS, CSS, and LSS led to the highest increase in Zn in the soil, mainly in the surface layer. In the leaf tissues, Zn and Cu levels were higher with the CO and SSS treatments, whereas the Ni level was higher with SSS, CSS, VSS, and MF treatments. In general, Zn and Cu levels were higher in the leaf limb than in the petiole, whereas Ni, Pb, and Cr levels were higher in the petiole than in the leaf limb. In any case, no symptoms of toxicity in the plants and no risk of soil contamination were observed with any of the fertilization treatments.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de metais pesados no solo e na planta de mamoneira em resposta à adubação com lodo de esgoto (LE) submetido a diferentes processos de estabilização. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Cambissolo Háplico com os tratamentos: testemunha, adubação com LE solarizado, LE compostado, LE vermicompostado, LE caleado e adubação mineral. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as adubações o fator primário e as camadas do solo ou as partes da folha o fator secundário. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. No solo, as adubações com LE solarizado, compostado e caleado promoveram os maiores incrementos dos teores de Zn, principalmente na camada superficial. No tecido foliar, os teores de Zn e Cu foram mais elevados na testemunha e no LE solarizado, enquanto o Ni foi mais elevado nos LE solarizado, compostado, vermicompostado e na adubação mineral. De modo geral, os maiores teores de Zn e Cu ocorreram no limbo foliar em comparação ao pecíolo, enquanto os teores de Ni, Pb e Cr foram mais elevados no pecíolo do que no limbo foliar. Contudo, não foram constatados sintomas de toxidez nas plantas e nenhum risco de contaminação do solo com os diferentes tipos de adubações realizadas.

RESUMO Resumo: Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de tratamentos químico e alternativos e do ambiente de armazenamento na qualidade de sementes de pinhão-manso. As sementes foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: produtos fungicidas, ambiente de armazenamento e tempo de armazenamento. Foram avaliadas as qualidades fisiológica e sanitária das sementes. Sementes tratadas com Carbendazin+Thiram apresentaram menor infestação de patógenos e germinação e vigor superiores àquelas tratadas com produtos alternativos ou sem tratamento, quando armazenadas por 12 meses, em câmara fria. Em câmara fria, os tratamentos alternativos que tiveram melhor desempenho foram alecrim, canela e cravo. Armazenadas em laboratório, aos oito meses, os melhores desempenhos das sementes, quanto à germinação e ao vigor, ocorreram quando foram tratadas com Carbendazin+Thiram, alecrim, canela e cravo; nessas condições, após 12 meses, houve queda drástica na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de todos os tratamentos. Os tratamentos alternativos mais promissores foram com alecrim, canela e cravo.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chemical and alternative treatments, as well as of the storage environment, on the quality of physic nut seeds. Treatments were: fungicidal products, storage environment and storage time. Physiological and health qualities of the seeds were evaluated. Seeds treated with Carbendazim+Thiram showed less infestation by pathogens and higher germination and vigor than those receiving alternative products or no treatment, when stored for 12 months in a cold chamber. Considering storage in the cold chamber, the alternative treatments that had the best performance were rosemary, cinnamon and cloves. For storage in the laboratory, at eight months, the best performance of seeds regarding germination and vigor occurred when they were treated with Carbendazim+Thiram, rosemary, cinnamon and cloves; under such conditions, after 12 months, there was a drastic drop in the physiological quality of seeds of all treatments. The most promising alternative treatments were rosemary, cinnamon and clove.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate intestinal parasitosis, undernutrition and socio-environmental factors in schoolchildren from Clorinda (Formosa, Argentina). Materials and Methods Serial fecal samples and anal swabs of 114 schoolchildren, canine feces and soil samples were analyzed. Body weight and height of 215 schoolchildren were measured and undernutrition was estimated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Socio-environmental variables were assessed by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. Results 78.1% of children were infected by at least one of the 12 species identified and 70.8% had multiple parasitic infections. Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia and Enterobius vermicularis were the most prevalent. Additionally, 17.5% of children were infected by at least one geohelminth (e.g. Ascarislumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms). 64.3% of canine of canine feces were positive and six parasitic species were found; the most frequent were Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and G. lamblia. Furthermore, 37.5% of soil samples showed zoonotic parasites (i.e. Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp.). Finally, 10.0% of the children were undernourished and 85.7% of them had parasites. The risk for parasitosis was higher in children that lived in houses with inadequate solid waste disposal and whose parents were unemployed or had temporary jobs. Conclusions The lack of environmental sanitation, unstable employment of parents and the presence of zoonotic species were the most relevant factors observed. Consequently, these conditions result in an increase of parasitic infections and negatively influence the growth of children.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la parasitosis intestinal, la desnutrición y los factores socio-ambientales en escolares de Clorinda (Formosa, Argentina). Materiales y Métodos Se analizaron muestras fecales y escobillados anales seriados de 114 escolares, heces caninas y muestras de suelo. Se midió el peso corporal y la talla de 215 escolares y se evaluó la desnutrición según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las variables socio-ambientales se evaluaron mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. Resultados El 78,1% de los niños estuvieron parasitados por al menos 1 de las 12 especies identificadas y el 70,8% presentó parasitosis múltiples. Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia y Enterobius vermicularis fueron las más prevalentes. Además, el 17,5% de los niños estaban infectados con al menos un geohelminto (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, ancylostomideos). El 64,3% de las heces caninas resultaron positivas y se encontraron seis especies parasitarias; las más frecuentes fueron Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala y G. lamblia. Además, el 37,5% de las muestras de suelo mostraron parásitos zoonóticos (i.e. Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp.). Finalmente, el 10% de los niños estaban desnutridos y el 85,7% de ellos resultaron parasitados. El riesgo de parasitosis fue mayor en los niños que vivían en casas con eliminación inadecuada de desechos sólidos y cuyos padres estaban desempleados o tenían empleos temporales. Conclusiones La falta de saneamiento ambiental, el empleo inestable de los padres y la presencia de especies zoo-nóticas fueron los factores observados más relevantes. En consecuencia, estas condiciones resultan en un aumento de las infecciones parasitarias e influyen negativamente en el crecimiento de los niños.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la parasitosis intestinal, la desnutrición y los factores socio-ambientales en escolares de Clorinda (Formosa, Argentina). Materiales y Métodos Se analizaron muestras fecales y escobillados anales seriados de 114 escolares, heces caninas y muestras de suelo. Se midió el peso corporal y la talla de 215 escolares y se evaluó la desnutrición según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las variables socio-ambientales se evaluaron mediante una encuesta semiestructurada. Resultados El 78,1% de los niños estuvieron parasitados por al menos 1 de las 12 especies identificadas y el 70,8% presentó parasitosis múltiples. Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia y Enterobius vermicularis fueron las más prevalentes. Además, el 17,5% de los niños estaban infectados con al menos un geohelminto (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, ancylostomideos). El 64,3% de las heces caninas resultaron positivas y se encontraron seis especies parasitarias; las más frecuentes fueron Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala y G. lamblia. Además, el 37,5% de las muestras de suelo mostraron parásitos zoonóticos (i.e. Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp.). Finalmente, el 10% de los niños estaban desnutridos y el 85,7% de ellos resultaron parasitados. El riesgo de parasitosis fue mayor en los niños que vivían en casas con eliminación inadecuada de desechos sólidos y cuyos padres estaban desempleados o tenían empleos temporales. Conclusiones La falta de saneamiento ambiental, el empleo inestable de los padres y la presencia de especies zoo-nóticas fueron los factores observados más relevantes. En consecuencia, estas condiciones resultan en un aumento de las infecciones parasitarias e influyen negativamente en el crecimiento de los niños.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate intestinal parasitosis, undernutrition and socio-environmental factors in schoolchildren from Clorinda (Formosa, Argentina). Materials and Methods Serial fecal samples and anal swabs of 114 schoolchildren, canine feces and soil samples were analyzed. Body weight and height of 215 schoolchildren were measured and undernutrition was estimated according to the World Health Organization criteria. Socio-environmental variables were assessed by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. Results 78.1% of children were infected by at least one of the 12 species identified and 70.8% had multiple parasitic infections. Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia and Enterobius vermicularis were the most prevalent. Additionally, 17.5% of children were infected by at least one geohelminth (e.g. Ascarislumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworms). 64.3% of canine of canine feces were positive and six parasitic species were found; the most frequent were Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and G. lamblia. Furthermore, 37.5% of soil samples showed zoonotic parasites (i.e. Ascaris sp., Toxocara sp.). Finally, 10.0% of the children were undernourished and 85.7% of them had parasites. The risk for parasitosis was higher in children that lived in houses with inadequate solid waste disposal and whose parents were unemployed or had temporary jobs. Conclusions The lack of environmental sanitation, unstable employment of parents and the presence of zoonotic species were the most relevant factors observed. Consequently, these conditions result in an increase of parasitic infections and negatively influence the growth of children.